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【青華海生物多樣性之美】彩鹮：我曾一度在中國絕跡，如今身著七彩衣裳緩緩而歸
保山青華海國家濕地公園管理中心
保山市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會
聯(lián)合推出
第11期
The 11th Phase
脊椎動物.彩鹮 Plegadis falcinellus
脊椎動物，鳥綱，鵜形目，鹮科。彩鹮和珍稀鳥類黑臉琵鷺、白琵鷺以及中國著名且獨有的“國寶”鳥兒朱鹮是親戚。世界廣布，全球數(shù)量約23—222萬只，但在中國數(shù)量極其稀少，是國家二級重點保護動物。自1934年動物學(xué)家黃壽振先生在《浙江鳥類之調(diào)查》一文中記載寧波有一只彩鹮標本外，此后70多年，中國再也沒有彩鹮的任何記錄。按照國際學(xué)界標準，1個物種在野外50年沒有觀察到，就被視為野外滅絕，一些專家依此提出彩鹮在中國已經(jīng)絕跡。
2009年，在中國消失很久的彩鹮首次現(xiàn)身成都，隨后，在河北、新疆、內(nèi)蒙古、云南、浙江等多地也發(fā)現(xiàn)了彩鹮的身影。由于它們停留的時間較短，而且大部分是單只或兩只的零星個體，因此，大部分目擊記錄被認為旅鳥或迷鳥?？上驳氖?，越來越多的大種群被發(fā)現(xiàn)，如云南的昆明、紅河和玉溪分別出現(xiàn)了10只、18只和21只的彩鹮種群，而且目前已在云南大理和陜西漢中記錄到了彩鹮成功自然繁殖。2019年，保山青華海國家濕地公園曾記錄到一只彩鹮，當時它和一群小白鷺混群。今年，青華海再次監(jiān)測到彩鹮。曾經(jīng)消失的彩鹮正逐步歸來。
彩鹮是中型涉禽，體長49-66厘米，比大型鷺類小，與白腰杓鷸大致相當。遠觀彩鹮，它們的羽毛呈黑色，并不起眼。靠近后，發(fā)現(xiàn)其脖子、上背部和下腹部是栗色的，下背部、翅膀和尾巴具有綠色和紫色的金屬光澤。彩鹮的英文名“Glossy Ibis”中的“Glossy”意為有光澤的。在陽光的照射下，隨著彩鹮移動，其羽毛表層的細微結(jié)構(gòu)使光波發(fā)生折射、漫反射等，使得彩鹮的羽色光澤變幻多彩，所以才會叫“彩鹮”吧。尤其是它們兩翼的銅綠色金屬光澤特別鮮艷奪目。彩鹮前頰的上下兩側(cè)至前額有白色至淺藍色的細線，喙細長而且向下彎曲，深色。
它們喜歡在淺水湖泊、沼澤、河流、水塘、濕草地和稻田等淡水生境覓食，主要捕食昆蟲、甲殼類（螃蟹和蝦等）、軟體動物（貽貝等）和小魚等，有時也吃水稻。覓食時一邊緩慢行走，一邊將鐮刀狀細長而下彎的大長嘴伸進泥地或淺水中左右擺動探尋食物。彩鹮白天活動和覓食，晚上則到遠離水的樹上棲息，喜歡群居，常常和鷺等鳥類混群活動，在樹上筑巢繁殖。
有專家認為，彩鹮重返中國，應(yīng)是多個因素共同促成的?？赡苁鞘澜缙渌貐^(qū)的彩鹮數(shù)量增加，導(dǎo)致部分個體向外擴散。也可能是全球氣候變暖影響了彩鹮的遷徙與分布區(qū)變動。另外，中國近年來濕地生態(tài)環(huán)境的恢復(fù)也為它們的回歸提供了必要的生境條件。
The 11th Phase
Plegadis falcinellus （Glossy Ibis）
Vertebrates, Aves, Pelecaniformes, Threskiornithidae. Glossy Ibis and some rare birds such as Black-faced Spoonbill, Eurasian Spoonbill and Crested Ibis that is the famous and unique "national treasure" in China are relatives. It is widely distributed in the world, with a global population of about 230,000-2,220,000. However, it is extremely rare in China, and it is a second-class key protected animal. The zoologist named Huang Shouzhen recorded a Glossy Ibis specimen in Ningbo in his article "A Survey of Birds in Zhejiang" in 1934. From then on, there are no records of any Glossy Ibis in China during more than 70 years. According to the international academic standards, if a species couldn't be observed in the wild for 50 years, it is regarded as extinct in the wild. Therefore, some experts proposed that the Glossy Ibis became extinct in China.
In 2009, the long-lost Glossy Ibis was first observed in Chengdu, later observed in Hebei, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Zhejiang and other places. Most sightings are considered to be travellers or wanderers because of their short stay and the fact that most of them are one or two individuals. The good news is that more and more large populations have been observed. For example, 10, 18 and 21 Glossy Ibis have been observed in Kunming, Honghe and Yuxi in Yunnan Province. Moreover, successful natural breeding of Glossy Ibis has been recorded in Dali of Yunnan Province and Hanzhong of Shaanxi Province. In 2019, a Glossy Ibis was recorded in Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan when it was foraging with a flock of Little Egret. This year, Glossy Ibis was observed in Qinghuahai again. The Glossy Ibis that was once extinct are gradually returning.
Glossy Ibis is a medium-sized wading bird with a body length of 49-66 cm, which have the same size as Eurasian Curlew but smaller than large herons. When observing the Glossy Ibis from a distance, their black feathers looks unconspicuous. Howerer, when seen nearby, you will found their neck, upper back and underparts are maroon, and the lower back, wings and tail have a metallic luster of green and purple. In the sunshine, when the Glossy Ibis moves, the subtle structure of its surface feathers make light waves refracted and diffuse reflect, which makes the luster of Glossy Ibis’s feather changeable and colorful. Maybe that is why Plegadis falcinellus was called " Glossy Ibis". Their copper-green metallic luster of their wings is particularly resplendent. The upper and lower sides of the front cheek of Glossy Ibis to the forehead has a white to light blue thin line, and the beak is dark, long and thin and curved downward.
The Glossy Ibis likes to forage in freshwater habitats such as shallow lakes, marshes, rivers, ponds, wet grasslands and rice paddies. It mainly preys on insects, crustaceans (crabs and shrimps), mollusks (mussels, etc.) and small fish, and sometimes also eats rice. When searching for food, they walk slowly while thrusting their long, slender, downward-curving sickle-shaped bill into the mud or shallow water and swing it from side to side to seek food. They forage during the day and roost in trees far from the water at night. Glossy Ibis that often live with herons like to live in groups, and nest in trees to breed.
Some experts believe that many factors have contributed to the return of the Glossy Ibis to China. It's possible that the increasing population of the Glossy Ibis in other countries in the world caused some individuals to spread out. It is also possible that global warming has affected the migration and distribution of the Glossy Ibis. In addition, the restoration of wetland ecological environment in China recent years also provides necessary habitat for their return.
攝影師介紹
Introduction of the photographer
蔡慶彪，1989年生，貴州人。2008年離開貴州到云南保山接觸攝影。保山市攝影協(xié)會會員，隆陽區(qū)攝影協(xié)會常務(wù)理事。多幅作品在攝影比賽中獲獎，在各類攝影展中展示并被入冊出版。長期在青華海拍鳥，其鳥類作品曾多次獲獎，《水雉的故事》曾獲青華海鳥類攝影大賽視頻組金獎，并登上央視，同時也是東方鸻、玉帶海雕等云南和保山鳥類新記錄的記錄者。
Qingbiao Cai, born in 1989, Guizhou native and left Guizhou for Baoshan In 2008. From then on, he began to learn photography. He is a member of Baoshan Photography Association and the executive director of Longyang District Photography Association. Many of his works have won awards in photography competitions, and be exhibited and published. He has been taking photos of birds in The Qinghuahai for a long time, and his bird works have won many awards. The Story of Pheasant-tailed Jacana won the gold medal in the Video group of the Qinghuahai Bird Photography Contest and was listed on CCTV. Moreover, he is also the recorder of the Oriental Plover and Pallas's Fish Eagle, which are the new records of Yunnan and Baoshan birds.
文字整理：黃木嬌
海報設(shè)計：黃木嬌
英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌
Text: Mujiao Huang
Poster design: Mujiao Huang
English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang
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