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2020年3月，16頭亞洲野象離開云南西雙版納自然保護(hù)區(qū)的家，一路北上開始了它們長達(dá)17個月共計(jì)1300公里的長途旅行。“離家出走”的原因不明，但它們的曠世之旅無疑成為了世界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。2021年8月，旅游了一圈的非洲野象們終于返回了老家，讓全球粉絲們終于松了一口氣。這一路，這些家伙們沒少“折騰”人類，但顯然它們得到了很好的護(hù)衛(wèi)。

2021年10月11日，在聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》締約方大會第十五次會議（COP15）的開幕式上，“亞洲大象旅行天團(tuán)”再一次以短視頻的形式出現(xiàn)在了世界面前。作為COP15的“開場嘉賓”，視頻中它們一路悠閑逛吃、不時搞點(diǎn)“小破壞”，制造“小緊張”，還會像拼圖一樣緊挨著“躺平”，憨態(tài)可掬的樣子讓與會嘉賓臉上露出了笑容。

As a prelude to COP 15, a short video documenting the wild Asian elephants’ unprecedented travelling was played to the world at the opening ceremony of COP 15 held in Kunming, Yunnan Province.

短視頻《“象”往云南》在COP15開幕式上播放

觀眾席中有一個人對這些大塊頭再熟悉不過了，他就是國際愛護(hù)動物基金會IFAW項(xiàng)目官員曹大藩，在云南從事野生亞洲象保護(hù)已經(jīng)很多年。

Defan CAO, Program officer with International Fund for Animal Welfare was among the audience. He is so familiar with the adventure-loving creatures because he has dedicated himself to wild Asian elephant protection in Yunnan for many years.

工作中的曹大潘

曹大潘在COP15接受北京外語廣播記者Chloe采訪

Chloe

云南亞洲象旅行天團(tuán)為什么要離開西雙版納自然保護(hù)區(qū)北上呢？

大藩

在亞洲象生活的區(qū)域西雙版納或普洱，其實(shí)每個種群的大象每年都會有一個時間往外游走或者擴(kuò)散，但都不太遠(yuǎn)，幾十公里或者100公里左右，不停地走，不停地選擇棲息地，然后找到更適合更喜歡的地方。但這群象走得這么遠(yuǎn)的確出乎意料，原因很多，之前很多專家都說過了，我就不再重復(fù)了。

Chloe

是不是因?yàn)檫@些年保護(hù)得力，云南亞洲象從上世紀(jì)80年代的180多頭變成了300頭，所以年輕的大象需要尋找更多的棲息地？

大藩

這也是原因之一，在一個區(qū)域里，亞洲象數(shù)量不斷增加的話，會對它的生活造成壓力，在這種前提下，不管是大象還是其他動物其實(shí)都會分散，種群需要分開，繼續(xù)開辟新的適宜的棲息地，這對于動物來說是其實(shí)比較正常的，只是這次引起的關(guān)注度比較高。這是好事，因?yàn)槟茏尮姼钊氲亓私?、認(rèn)知亞洲象。

野生亞洲象

Chloe

作為IFAW中國負(fù)責(zé)亞洲象項(xiàng)目的官員，您的工作內(nèi)容是什么？

大藩

我的工作主要就是推動整個云南省的野生亞洲象保護(hù)行動，包括對于亞洲象活動區(qū)域周邊村民的安全防范教育和培訓(xùn)以及推動他們的社區(qū)發(fā)展。我們希望通過提升村子里人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入水平，增加他們承受大象帶來損失的能力。

My major task is to promote the protection for wild Asian elephants in Yunnan Province. We provide safety education and training for villagers around the elephants’ activity areas and help them to develop their communities such as enhancing their income so as to offset the economic loss caused by the elephants.

Chloe

這么說，亞洲象經(jīng)常來“搗亂”？

大藩

亞洲象生活的區(qū)域周邊有不少村子，大象在活動的時候會到村子周邊去取食村民的農(nóng)作物，有時也會遇到路上來往的車輛，難免造成一些經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

There are many villages around the habitats of Asian elephants. It’s not a rare case that the uninvited guests eat villagers' crops or damage vehicles on roads, which inevitably leads to economic loss.

農(nóng)田中的象群

Chloe

那你們是如何來幫助村民增加抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力的呢？

大藩

我們和企業(yè)還有其他機(jī)構(gòu)合作，在緊挨著野生亞洲象保護(hù)區(qū)、大象出沒最集中的勐養(yǎng)鎮(zhèn)的一個村子做了社區(qū)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目，其中包含中華蜜蜂養(yǎng)殖等。另外因?yàn)樽晕野l(fā)展和市場影響的原因，一些村民把之前種的橡膠作物砍掉了，我們就支持他們在砍掉的橡膠地里種植一些對于生態(tài)比較友好的果木，同時在果木下做一些林下地表覆蓋物或者種植相對更友好的底層作物，在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的同時也增加生物多樣性。

Cooperating with enterprises and institutions, we have carried out a community development program in Mengyang Town, which is close to the wild Asian elephants reserve and frequently visited by the animal. The program includes helping villagers keep Chinese bees as well as grow fruit trees. For villagers who have cut down their rubber trees for personal reasons or market influence,we support them to plant some fruit trees in the rubber fields and some ecologically friendly ground crops under the fruit trees, so as to develop local economy while increasing biodiversity.

亞洲象保護(hù)項(xiàng)目（AEP）

How Wild Asian Elephants Be Protected

野生亞洲象，原來需要這樣保護(hù)你呀

大藩的工作內(nèi)容非常豐富，也十分細(xì)致。因?yàn)樗f，對于一個物種的保護(hù)來說，不能簡單地認(rèn)為就是單純保護(hù)這個物種，其實(shí)對于這個物種所涉及的方方面面都要關(guān)注。例如以亞洲象、大熊貓為代表的旗艦物種，它們所涉及的環(huán)境、棲息地，包括土壤、植物、微生物等各種物種都是他們工作的目標(biāo)。只不過是利用旗艦物種的影響力，讓更多人來關(guān)注生物多樣性和生態(tài)環(huán)境。他們保護(hù)的其實(shí)是整個區(qū)域。

Da Fan’s work contents are varied and meticulous. He told us when talking about species protection, people may think it’s about simply protecting one specific species. In fact, they pay attention to all aspects related to the species. For example, the protection of the flagship species such as Asian elephants and giant pandas will involve their habitats, the environment such as soils, plants, micro-organisms and other co-existing species. The environment protection workers just utilize the influence of the flagship species to arouse the public’s attention to the biodiversity conservation. They are actually protecting the whole areas.

野生亞洲象

Chloe

亞洲象是現(xiàn)存最大陸生動物，為什么說它們的生存狀態(tài)對整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)至關(guān)重要？

大藩

亞洲象的體型非常大，這就決定了它取食數(shù)量驚人，一頭成年象每天的食物大約為150到200公斤，本身它又是植食性動物，自身消化率非常低，所取食的食物最后只有大約40%進(jìn)入身體循環(huán)被吸收利用。這么大的取食量決定了它在活動取食的過程中會對周遭的環(huán)境造成很大的影響。

The Asian elephants are very large, which determines that they need an amazing amount of food. An adult elephant eats about 150 to 200 kilograms of food per day. As an herbivore or plant eater，their digestion ability is very poor with only about 40% of the food can  be finally absorbed by the body. Such a large amount of food consumption has a great impact on the surrounding environment.

在一個比較完整的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)里面，大象起到了促進(jìn)更新的作用：推倒一些老樹、吃掉一些植物，讓森林有更適宜地表植物生長的空間。此外，大象每天會排出上百公斤糞便，這些糞便通過它的協(xié)作者，比如白蟻、微生物等在極短的時間內(nèi)被分解，作為肥料重新回歸到森林系統(tǒng)中。

In a relatively complete ecosystem, elephants play a vital role in promoting forest renewal: they pushes down old trees, eat up some plants, so as to create more spaces for the growth of ground surface plants. In addition, elephants drop off over one hundred kilograms of dung every day, which will be quickly decomposed by its collaborators, such as termites and microorganisms within a very short time and return to the forest system as fertilizer.

另外大象還有一個比較關(guān)鍵的作用，就是對物種種子的傳播。它吃很多禾本科植物的種子，在游走過程中，糞便里的種子遇到合適的光熱條件就會萌發(fā)。

In addition, elephants are seed transporters. They eat a lot of plants in grass family and drop their seeds off. In this way, seeds get dispersed many miles farther.

大象還有一個非常有意思的功能，它走路的腳印很大，對吧？在一些區(qū)域，這些腳印會形成一個個小坑，下雨的時候灌滿水，就為很多物種比如小型蛙類、水生昆蟲、蜻蜓的幼蟲等提供了生活的區(qū)域。

The elephants leave huge footprints, right? In some areas, these footprints will form small pits. When it rains, they will be filled with rainwater, which provides a home for many species, such as small frogs, aquatic insects and dragonfly larvae.

森林中的象群

在頭些年的工作中，大藩和野生亞洲象有過很多親密接觸，對于某個熟悉的種群，他可以區(qū)分出種群中各個大象之間的關(guān)系，比如這頭是干嘛的，那頭是干嘛的，可他卻否認(rèn)自己是野生亞洲象的人類朋友這一說法，為什么呢?

In previous years, because of work, Defan encountered wild Asian elephants quite often. For some familiar herds, he can even distinguish the relationship between elephants and each one’s specific role in the family. However, he refused to call himself a human friend of wild Asian elephants. Why is that?

Chloe

大象不是很可愛嗎？

大藩

亞洲象其實(shí)真的是野獸，是野生動物，大家應(yīng)該注意這一點(diǎn)，而不是我們在視頻里面看到的它們真的很可愛。千萬不要嘗試去靠近它們，應(yīng)該給它們更多的尊重，讓它們在自己覺得安全的空間里自由地生活，這才是更好的關(guān)愛它們的方式。

對于“野生亞洲象的人類朋友”這個說法，我們不太提倡，因?yàn)樗鼈兤鋵?shí)沒有辦法在真正意義上和我們成為朋友，只是說我們對它們友善一些，它們就會對我們友好一點(diǎn)。村子里的老百姓也說，你不要去招惹它，它也不會主動來傷害你。但如果你老要靠近它，讓它覺得危險(xiǎn)了，那么它肯定會過來，從自己的安全角度把你趕走或者采取一些后果更嚴(yán)重的措施。其實(shí)我們跟野生動物之間，首先是保持對它的尊重，而不是跟它交朋友或者去征服它。

In fact, we don't advocate the saying of wild Asian elephants’ human friends, because they can't really befriend us. It’s just like if we treat them more friendly, they will do the same to us. Villagers also told me that if we don't irritate them, they won’t attack us intentionally. However, if you keep getting close to them and let them feel threatened, they will certainly drive you away for its own safety or even take more serious actions. In fact, between humans and wild animals, the first thing is respect instead of making friends or conquering them.

在池塘洗澡的小象

Chloe

未來您將著重關(guān)注生物多樣性保護(hù)的哪些方面？

大藩

關(guān)于以后的設(shè)想，肯定是對于亞洲象這個物種的宣傳和公眾科普，我覺得這是個持續(xù)的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)槲覀冞@批人學(xué)了這些知識，后面還有孩子，還有其他人，這肯定是個漫長的過程，另外我們也希望有更多的思路在一定程度上緩解人和象的沖突，給大象更多的生存空間。

I think the education will be a continuous thing because we have learned the knowledge, but we have children and some other people who are not informed yet. This will be a long process. In addition, we hope to figure out more solutions to alleviate the conflict between humans and wild Asian elephants, so as to give each other more living spaces.

International Fund for Animal Welfare

國際愛護(hù)動物基金會IFAW

大藩所在的國際愛護(hù)動物基金會IFAW創(chuàng)立于1969年, 是全球最大的動物福利組織之一，旨在通過減少對動物的商業(yè)剝削和貿(mào)易、保護(hù)野生動物的棲息地以及救助危難中的動物來提高野生動物和伴侶動物的福利。IFAW積極倡導(dǎo)人與動物和諧共處的愛護(hù)動物理念，推廣人與動物共同受益的動物福利和保護(hù)政策。

北京猛禽救助中心對野生猛禽進(jìn)行救治（BRRC圖片）

IFAW was founded by Brian Davies with the goal to stop the commercial hunt for whitecoat seals on the east coast of Canada in 1969. The International Fund for Animal Welfare has become one of the biggest global animal welfare NGOs, which helps animals and people thrive together.

北京猛禽救助中心對野生猛禽進(jìn)行救治（BRRC圖片）

北京猛禽救助中心康復(fù)師用手偶給紅隼雛鳥喂食，避免雛鳥產(chǎn)生印痕行為（攝影 劉安拍）

國際愛護(hù)動物基金會IFAW項(xiàng)目主任馬晨玥

IFAW中國成立于1994年，近年來在國內(nèi)主要開展了野生亞洲象、藏羚羊保護(hù)以及北京猛禽救助等項(xiàng)目。這些年公眾的環(huán)保意識不斷增強(qiáng)，以前碰上需要救助的猛禽，人們會問“能吃嗎”，現(xiàn)在人們則會問“這是什么保護(hù)級別的鳥，我該如何救助”。

馬晨玥在COP15接受北京外語廣播記者Chloe采訪

馬晨玥對于中國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室最新發(fā)布的《中國的生物多樣性保護(hù)》白皮書給予了很高的評價。根據(jù)白皮書，生物多樣性保護(hù)已被提升為中國的國家戰(zhàn)略。她認(rèn)為中國采取跨部門、跨地區(qū)和跨境聯(lián)合行動打擊販運(yùn)珍稀瀕危野生動物，在遏制野生動物非法交易方面發(fā)揮了重要作用，她強(qiáng)烈支持中國對涉及野生動物非法活動的零容忍政策。她說IFAW希望中國在這一領(lǐng)域的區(qū)域合作中繼續(xù)發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用，以真正建立打擊野生動物非法交易的跨境、跨區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

YK Ma, Program Manager with IFAW is impressed by the newly released white paper for biodiversity conservation in China. According to the white paper, biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China.

She points out that the trans-department, cross-region, and cross-border joint actions taken by China to crack down on the trafficking of rare and endangered wildlife have played an important role in deterring illegal wildlife trading. She strongly supports China’s zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities involving wildlife.

She indicates that IFAW expected China to play a leading role in regional cooperation in this field, so as to truly establish the cross-continental network against illegal wildlife trade.

北京猛禽救助中心將康復(fù)燕隼放歸野外